Nash equilibrium
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Static equilibrium is covered in this lecture, achieved only when the net external force AND net external torque on an object are both zero. A ladder leaning against the wall is analyzed to determine the minimum angle it can make with the floor without sliding. Professor Lewin continues with the topic by discussing how to locate the center of mass of a rigid body. The center of mass always lines up below the point of suspenson such that t...more
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In business or personal relationships, promises and threats of good and bad behavior tomorrow may provide good incentives for good behavior today, but, to work, these promises and threats must be credible. In particular, they must come from equilibrium behavior tomorrow, and hence form part of a subgame perfect equilibrium today. We find that the grim strategy forms such an equilibrium provided that we are patient and the game has a high p...more
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer discusses the classification of acids and bases as they are defined by Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lory, and Lewis acid/base. The pH function (and pOH function) are defined as they relate to the strength of acids and bases (in water). Professor Ceyer then runs through the types of acid-base problems and concludes by discussing equilibrium involving weak acids.
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Philosophers and theologians have railed against interest for thousands of years. But that is because they didn't understand what causes interest. Irving Fisher built a model of financial equilibrium on top of general equilibrium (GE) by introducing time and assets into the GE model. He saw that trade between apples today and apples next year is completely analogous to trade between apples and oranges today. Similarly he saw that in a worl...more
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Review. Professor Sylvia Ceyer reviews the main topics covered throughout the second half of the course including kinetics, transition metals, VSEPR theory, acid-base equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, and oxidation/reduction. Professor Ceyer uses the case study of methionine synthase to supplement the discussion.
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer explains the standard Gibbs free energy of formation and its relationship to thermodynamic stability. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is defined as it relates to controlling spontaneity with temperature. The lecture concludes by defining the thermodynamic equilibrium constant and the reaction quotient/direction of change in a chemical equilibrium.
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer covers radioactive decay and its various uses in modern medicine. Second order half-life, as a second order integrated rate law, is then discussed. The lecture concludes with the overlap of kinetics and chemical equilibrium: the equilibrium constant, elementary reactions, and an example, the decomposition of ozone.
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer discusses the nature of chemical equilibrium as it relates to free energy, the reaction quotient, and the relationship between K and Q. The meaning of K is further clarified and the external effects on K are identified, from adding and removing reagents to changes associated with the Principle of Le Chatelier.
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer continues her discussion of acid-base equilibrium, diving into buffers. The lecture concludes with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its use in designing a buffer.
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Understanding allele and genotype frequency in population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
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This lecture explains what an economic model is, and why it allows for counterfactual reasoning and often yields paradoxical conclusions. Typically, equilibrium is defined as the solution to a system of simultaneous equations. The most important economic model is that of supply and demand in one market, which was understood to some extent by the ancient Greeks and even by Shakespeare. That model accurately fits the experiment from the last...more
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Equilibrium reactions and constants.
