Atomic Order
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This lecture completes the first half of the semester by analyzing three functional groups in terms of the interaction of localized atomic or pairwise orbitals. Many key properties of biological polypeptides derive from the mixing of such localized orbitals that we associate with "resonance" of the amide group. The acidity of carboxylic acids and the aggregation of methyl lithium into solvated tetramers can be understood in analogous...more
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Kawasaki shares some of the qualities that he believes entrepreneurs, and everyone else, should have. In order to be a mensch, a person who is widely respected and trusted, one should help those who cannot be helpful in return, do the right thing in the right way, and pay back to society.
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Guest Lecturer, Setup of the Ice Cream Store Problem, with Customer, Cashier, Clerk, and Manager Threads, The Different Constraints on the Various Types of Threads, Writing the Main Function, Spawning the Various Threads, Handling the Manager-Clerk Interaction Using the Inspection Struct, Which Uses a Semaphore to Signal to the Manager That the Clerk Is Ready for Inspection, As Well as a Semaphore that Ensures that the Clerk Will Wait for...more
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer investigates chemical reaction mechanisms: rate, order, molecularity, steady-state approximation, and rate determing steps.
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The lecture opens with tricks ("Z-effective" and "Self Consistent Field") that allow one to correct approximately for the error in using orbitals that is due to electron repulsion. This error is hidden by naming it "correlation energy." Professor McBride introduces molecules by modifying J.J. Thomson's Plum-Pudding model of the atom to rationalize the form of molecular orbitals. There is a close analogy in form between the molecular...more
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The lecture begins with the application of Newton's three laws, with the warning that they are not valid for objects that move at speeds comparable to the speed of light or objects that are incredibly small and of the atomic scale. Friction and static friction are discussed. The dreaded inclined plane is dealt with head on. Finally, Professor Shankar explains the motion of objects using Newton's laws in specific problems related to...more
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The most prominent chemist in the generation following Lavoisier was Berzelius in Sweden. Together with Gay-Lussac in Paris and Davy in London, he discovered new elements, and improved atomic weights and combustion analysis for organic compounds. Invention of electrolysis led not only to new elements but also to the theory of dualism, with elements being held together by electrostatic attraction. Wöhler's report on the synthesis of urea...more
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This lecture continues the discussion of the HOMO/LUMO view of chemical reactivity by focusing on ways of recognizing whether a particular HOMO should be unusually high in energy (basic), or a particular LUMO should be unusually low (acidic). The approach is illustrated with BH3, which is both acidic and basic and thus dimerizes by forming unusual "Y" bonds. The low LUMOs that make both HF and CH3F acidic are analyzed and compared...more
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer discusses the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and its use with predicting the shapes of individual molecules, based upon their extent of electron-pair electrostatic repulsion. The RSEPR Rules are defined and the shapes based on VSEPR theory rationalized using atomic size and bond length.
