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  1. Hennessy explains that the Clark Center is important to the future of Stanford because it represents the growing importance of biology to the coming century.  It is a radical organization for a university because it brings together faculty from a broad range of departments in an attempt to understand the translation between basic science and the applications of basic science.

  2. The rise of absolutism in Europe must be understood in the context of insecurity attending the religious wars of the first half of the seventeenth century, and the Thirty Years' War in particular. Faced with the unprecedented brutality and devastation of these conflicts, European nobles and landowners were increasingly willing to surrender their independence to the authority of a single, all-powerful monarch in return for guaranteed protec...more

  3. Socialism in the nineteenth century can be divided into two different strains of thought: reformist and revolutionary. While reformist socialists believed in changing the State through legal activity, such as voting, revolutionary socialists viewed such measures as ineffective and perhaps even complicit in maintaining the status quo. Along the spectrum of leftwing political thought, syndicalists and anarchists shared the conviction that th...more

  4. Speier talks about the importance of being impolite for women to achieve their goals in a corporate setting. She draws on the fact that the pivotal leadership strength of women is their ability to build consensus. She talks about how the leadership style of women is becoming the leadership style of the 21st century.

  5. During the thirteenth century Jerusalem surplanted Rome as the inspiration for English architecture.  Huge national wealth led to an outburst of building of great creativity and individuality.  The new gothic style which emerged by the 1220s was a national style for England creating some of the most remarkable buildings in European history.

  6. Professor Blight finishes his lecture series with a discussion of the legacies of the Civil War. Since the nineteenth century, Blight suggests, there have been three predominant strains of Civil War memory, which Blight defines as reconciliationist, white supremacist, and emancipationist. The war has retained a political currency throughout the years, and the ability to control the memory of the Civil War has been, and continues to be, hot...more

  7. Why ethane has a rotational barrier is still debatable. Analyzing conformational and configurational stereotopicity relationships among constitutionally equivalent groups reveals a subtle discrimination in enzyme reactions. When Baeyer suggested strain-induced reactivity due to distorting bond angles away from those in an ideal tetrahedron, he assumed that the cyclohexane ring is flat. He was soon corrected by clever Sachse, but Sachse's w...more

  8. The Resurrection is the most difficult of all Christian themes to convey in visible form and the early church approached it with proper reticence.  Whilst the Western Church developed an over-literalistic image, the Orthodox Church gave it a powerful symbolic rendering.  The 20th century, with its massive suffering, found this hopeful theme particularly problematic.

  9. The traditional, diplomatic history of World War I is helpful in understanding how a series of hitherto improbable alliances come to be formed in the early years of the twentieth century. In the case of France and Russia, this involves a significant ideological compromise. Along with the history of imperial machinations, however, World War I should be understood in the context of the popular imagination and the growth of nationalist sentim...more

  10. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, communication was slow, even relatively short journeys were uncertain and time-consuming, and people were dependant on the forces of nature for energy; this lecture charts the development of new modes of communication, from the railway to the radio, the telegraph to the telephone, the steamship to the motor-car and examines their efforts on perceptions of time and space.

  11. England's economic success peaked in 1300 amidst a riot of architectural excess and was followed by a series of disasters which lasted much of the fourteenth century.  Yet against a catastrophic background English architectural individualism flourished and out of radically changed social structures an architectural consensus emerged.

  12. How did a small group following an apocalyptic prophet in Palestine become Christianity - what is now called a "world religion"? This small movement saw many changes in the second, third, and fourth centuries, from the development of different sects, philosophical theologies, and martyrology, to the rise of monasticism, and finally to the ascension of Constantine to the throne and the Christian Roman Empire. It was not until the nineteenth...more