Chemical Processes
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After discussing the classic determination of the heat of atomization of graphite by Chupka and Inghram, the values of bond dissociation energies, and the utility of average bond energies, the lecture focuses on understanding equilibrium and rate processes through statistical mechanics. The Boltzmann factor favors minimal energy in order to provide the largest number of different arrangements of "bits" of energy. The slippery concept of...more
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer discusses the rates of chemical reactions, factors affecting rates of reactions, measuring reaction rates, and common rate expressions. The discussion then moves to the rate laws and highlights the order of reaction in reactants/products, overall reaction order, units for k, and integrated rate laws (specifically, first order half-life).
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Andy Friere, Co-founder and CEO of Axialent, describes the one-team culture archetype, one of the five basic cultural archetypes into which organizations fall: 1) Achievement, 2) Innovation, 3) One-team, 4) People-first or 5) Customer-focused. Specifically, Friere suggests that one-team cultures trade off the optimization of individual systems or people for the benefit of the entire organization. Friere describes the behaviors, symbols...more
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer discusses bond enthalpy and the enthalpy of endothermic/exothermic chemical reactions. The heat of formation is defined as Professor Ceyer explains Hess's Law which is used to predict the enthalpy change and conservation of energy, regardless of the path through which it is to be determined. The lecture concludes with a discussion of thermodynamics and spontaneous chance, specifically Gibbs free energy and the...more
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After mentioning some legal implications of chirality, the discussion of configuration concludes using esomeprazole as an example of three general methods for producing single enantiomers. Conformational isomerism is more subtle because isomers differ only by rotation about single bonds, which requires careful physico-chemical consideration of energies and their relation to equilibrium and rate constants. Conformations have their own...more
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Andy Friere, Co-founder and CEO of Axialent, describes the people-first culture archetype, one of the five basic cultural archetypes into which organizations fall: 1) Achievement, 2) Innovation, 3) One team, 4) People-first or 5) Customer-focused. Specifically, Friere suggests that people-first cultures are focused on building and developing organizational members above other potential activities. Friere describes the behaviors, symbols...more
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Andy Friere, Co-founder and CEO of Axialent, describes the innovation culture archetype, one of the five basic cultural archetypes into which organizations fall: 1) Achievement, 2) Innovation, 3) One-team, 4) People-first or 5) Customer-focused. Specifically, Friere suggests that innovation cultures focus on experimenting and learning from mistakes to create new products and businesses. Friere describes the behaviors, symbols and...more
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The chemical mode of action of omeprazole is expected to be insensitive to its stereochemistry, making clinical trials of the proposed virtues of a chiral switch crucial. Design of the clinical trials is discussed in the context of marketing. Otolaryngologist Dr. Dianne Duffey provides a clinician's perspective on the testing and marketing of pharmaceuticals, on the FDA approval process, on clinical trial system, on off-label uses, and on...more
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The period between the Russian Revolution of February 1917, which resulted in the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a provisional government, and the Bolshevik Revolution in October of that same year, offers an instructive example of revolutionary processes at work. During this interval, the fate of Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, was bound up in the struggle for power amongst competing political factions in Russia....more
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Andy Friere, Co-founder and CEO of Axialent, describes the achievement culture archetype, one of the five basic cultural archetypes into which organizations fall: 1) Achievement, 2) Innovation, 3) One-team, 4) People-first or 5) Customer-focused. Specifically, Friere suggests that achievement cultures focus on measuring and awarding performance outcomes. Friere describes the behaviors, symbols and processes that build this type of culture...more
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Pharmaceutical Companies: Challenges in Developing New Therapeutic Products
Stanford / Entrepreneurship
Ringold talks about how the pharmaceutical industry is built on failure and inefficiency and has a small success rate. This recognition led to Surromed. The low success rate is driving the consolidation of companies, which is giving rise to mega players. Now a blockbuster product has to be a multibillion product. This can only change with a change in the processes it uses. New biotech companies are starving for funding and cash, he notes.
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Professor Sylvia Ceyer explains the standard Gibbs free energy of formation and its relationship to thermodynamic stability. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is defined as it relates to controlling spontaneity with temperature. The lecture concludes by defining the thermodynamic equilibrium constant and the reaction quotient/direction of change in a chemical equilibrium.
