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  1. The course will concern European history from 1648 to 1945. The assigned readings include both standard historical texts and works of fiction, as well as films. Although the period in question encompasses many monumental events and "great men," attention will also be paid to the development of themes over the long term and the experiences of people and groups often excluded from official histories. Among the principle questions to be addre...more

  2. Determination of the actual atomic arrangement in tartaric acid in 1949 motivated a change in stereochemical nomenclature from Fischer's 1891 genealogical convention (D, L) to the CIP scheme (R, S) based on conventional group priorities. Configurational isomers can be interconverted by racemization and epimerization. Pure enantiomers can be separated from racemic mixtures by resolution schemes based on selective crystallization of conglome...more

  3. Jeff Raikes, group vice president of Productivity and Business Services (PBS) at Microsoft Corporation, explains his own background and how being open to opportunities helped him become the only undergraduate from the Engineering Economic Systems department at Stanford.  Plans change as opportunities arise, he says. He also recommends entrepreneurs look for a job they love.

  4. Bronfman argues that the problem with America is that while values of integrity, hard-work, the rule of law and meritocracy are exported, the advancement of opportunities is not. This is why Endeavor is such a powerful role model; it provides economic opportunities in countries where democracy cannot flourish. With the growing availability of opportunities he says, cultures change, countries evolve, and the world becomes a better and more ...more

  5. Evolution plays an important though underutilized role in medicine. Evolution guides how our bodies respond to various treatments, how pathogens will respond to treatments, and how pathogens' responses will change over time. Pathogens oftentimes will evolve to an intermediate level of virulence where they become strong enough to infect a host and reproduce, but not so strong as to kill the host before it can spread the pathogen.

  6. There is a fine line between confidence and arrogance, says Estrin. You have to have confidence in order to take risks, she notes. After successes, it is important to make sure the confidence does not change to arrogance. Arrogance indicates that you are not listening to customers, employees and the market. Beware the fine line, she warns.

  7. In companies, like children, personality is set early and expresses itself differently through the years but it doesn't change, says Kaplan. Entrepreneurs should establish values and culture early on and to remember that these values reflect the values of the founders, he adds.

  8. Kavita Ramdas, President and CEO of the Global Fund for Women talks about the organization as a classic Silicon Valley story taking birth in a kitchen in 1987. The organization provides seed and strengthening capital for social entrepreneurs who are working for change.

  9. Angular momentum (a vector) is introduced. The rate of change of angular momentum is related to the torque (also a vector). In the absence of an external torque, angular momentum is conserved. Spin angular momentum (of planets, stars, neutron stars) is also discussed.

  10. Steve Jurvetson, Managing Director of Draper Fisher Jurvetson (DFJ), explains that VC firms are supposed to think first about maximizing investment return for investors--but they also have a perfect opportunity to change the world through entrepreneurs. When DFJ evaluates an opportunity, they look at whether it extends lives, makes a sustainable planet, provides better energy with renewables, and even narrows the rich/poor gap, he says.

  11. Sex allocation is an organism's decision on how much of its reproductive investment should be distributed to male and female functions and/or offspring. Under most conditions, the optimal ratio is 50:50, but that can change under certain circumstances. Sex allocation determines what sexes sequential hermaphrodites should be at each part of their life as well as how simultaneous hermaphrodites should behave. Some species have more control o...more

  12. Reedy talks about a key principle that the CEO instilled in the management of the company: the right people at the right job at the right time with the right behavior. A company should have the flexibility to change people as it grows and needs people with different skills, she says. Managers should mentor their employees and focus on career development, she adds.